Endometriosis

OVERVIEW

Endometriosis refers to ectopic endometrial tissue in the ovaries (that occurs with cyst formation).

Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue (source)
Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue (source)
WHY IS IT A PROBLEM?

This condition can be very painful for patients.

WHAT MAKES US SUSPECT IT?

Initial Presentation:

  • Dysmenorrhea
  • Dyspareunia (especially with deep penetration)
  • Dyschezia
  • Infertility

Physical Exam:

Gynecological exam can reveal the following findings:

  • Immobile uterus
  • Cervical motion tenderness (pain when the uterus is mobilized)
  • Adnexal masses/enlargement of adnexa
CLINICAL WORKUP

Ultrasound: homogenous cystic ovarian masses are highly suggestive of ovarian endometrioma.

Laparoscopy and biopsy: in certain patients it may be decided that the offending tissue will need to be directly visualized and biopsied (to confirm the diagnosis).

  • Endometrial tissue (simple columnar) can be appreciated in the biopsy
  • Hemosiderin pigment can also be present in the biopsy
HOW DO WE TREAT IT?

Empiric treatment options: 

  • NSAIDs: ibuprofen/naproxen are commonly used.
  • Combined oral contraceptives: these medications include both estrogen and progestin

Patients who fail above treatment: These patients who can not be managed conservatively may need to laparoscopic evaluation.

Definitive treatment (often reserved for patients who are past child bearing age) involves hysterectomy and oophorectomy.

WHAT ELSE ARE WE WORRIED ABOUT?

Infertility: this is commonly one of the sole presenting symptoms of endometriosis. Patients with this condition are at a higher risk of having infertility.

ARCHIVE OF STANDARDIZED EXAM QUESTIONS 

This archive compiles standardized exam questions that relate to this topic.

 

Page Updated: 10.01.2016